The virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus

The harmfulness elements of staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus is faculatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, gram-positive cocci. It is non sporulating, non motile and non capsulated microorganisms. 30% of Staphylococcus aureus can be found in skin, mucous of layer and nasal sections in a solid individual as expected greenery. Be that as it may, Staphylococcus aureus diseases are fit for prompting meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyetilis, spectic joint pain and septicemia. It is additionally hard to treat Staphylococcus aureus diseases in the event that it is a methicillin safe strain as the main anti-microbial, vancomycin, can restrain methicillin safe Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Destructiveness Factors Destructiveness factors from Staphylococcus aureus can be auxiliary or discharged items that lead to pathogenesis. They are characterized into catogeries, for example, surface proteins, discharging poisons and superantigen poison. Surface proteins in Staphylococcus aureus give connections to have tissues which will colonize and prompt diseases. Such proteins are protein A/B which ties to immunoglobulin G, amassing factor An and B to push adherence to bacterial cells. [Plata, Rosato et al. 2009] Alpha-heamolysin, beta-heamolysin, gamma-heamolysin and Panton Valentine Leucocidine (PVL) are instances of emitting poisons which structure pores in the host layer and lyses the cells while staphylococcus enterotoxins debilitate the host resistant framework and harmful stun disorder poison 1 causes poisonous stun by food contamination. These harmfulness factors that are delivered [Plata, Rosato et al. 2009] by Staphylococcus aureus and regularly cause perilous illnesses. These elements surviv e and mask themselves from the body resistant framework with the goal that Staphylococcus aureus can colonize and tie to connective tissues which lead to contaminations. They are likewise liable for the manifestations of the ailment. The principle indicative highlights can be recognized by having coagulase agglutination tests and test for the creation of thermostable nuclease which separate DNA. [Greenwood, Slack et al. 2007] Exotoxins (TSST1-harmful stun condition poison 1) TSST1 are one of the harmfulness factors that cause an assortment of infections in people. TSST1 has short N-terminal ÃŽ ± helix which lead to ÃŽ ² barrel structure otherwise called B area or oligosaccharide official. It is then associated with C-terminal mass of the ÃŽ ² strands (Domain A). This structure cause cysteine circle which bring about emetic movement. On the off chance that there is no circle, TSST1 will be superantigenic [Orwin, Fitzgerald et al. May 2003]. As Staphylococcus aureus attack the body, TSST1 is delivered in the microbes and discharge to have. It at that point hinders have resistant reactions. It crosses mucosal surfaces and reactivates bacterial cell divider instigated joint pain. [Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000] TSST1 likewise invigorate expansion of T cells. These T cells won't just increment its fixation in the body, however they are likewise unfit to perceive explicit antigen in the bacterial cells. Accordingly, T cells can't annihilate Staphylococcus aure us. Along these lines, TSST1 is otherwise called superantigenicity, pyrogenicity and lift the lethality of the poisons. Obtained coronary illness in youngsters is frequently connected with TSST1. Likewise, TSST1 is connected to ladies who use tampons consistently as it expands the introduction to Staphylococcus aureus contaminations. TSST1 assists with discharging monstrous measure of cytokines which brings about fever, rash, low circulatory strain, tissue harm and stun. [Dermnet.org] Exotoxins (Panton Valentine Leucocidin-PVL) Panton Valentine Leucidin (PVL) is normally found in network gained Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Tristan (2007) expressed that it is arranged as bicomponent synergohymenotropic poison which lyses have cell membrance and it focuses on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), monocytes and macrophages. Plasma film of myeloid cells structure octamer pores and target leukocytes by Panton Valentine Leucidin [Kobayashi and Deleo 2009]. Incendiary middle people, for example, leukotriene B4, IL-8 and histamine are discharged to the cell encompassing as PVL initiates Ca2+ channels to open prompting calcium flood in PMN, monocytes and macrophages. For whatever length of time that Ca2+ channels are opened and fiery arbiters focus is incredibly rising, it is a lethal result. In this manner, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages lyses as pores structure in their cell films and this normally brings about harmful stun or obstinate hypoxemia. Panton Valentine Leucidin assumes a significant jo b in serious necrotizing fasciitis, pneumonia, leukocyte decimation and tissue rot. [Libert, Batjom et al. Jan 2009] Staphylococcus enterotoxins-SE Staphylococcus enterotoxins are the basic reason for food contamination. As individual processes a lot of Staphylococcus aureusthrough debased water or food, enterotoxins are created. It has a significant cross connecting with significant histocompability complex (MHC) class II antigen and T cell receptor (TCR) [Fraser and Proft 2008]. Immune system microorganism receptor will enlist neutrophils and discharge a wide assortment of aggravation arbiters to the stomach and small digestive tract. Collection of irritation middle people brings about hyperemic mucosa and tomb expansion creates in jejunum. The disturbance of the covering of the small digestive tract impacts the pace of assimilation of substances. Subsequently, gastroenteritis shapes and will achieve the foundational side effects, for example, fever and hypotension.[ Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000]. Regurgitating and looseness of the bowels is additionally a typical manifestation in SE food contamination. Food contamination by Staphylococcus aureusis less serious than different diseases by similar species. It is regularly self constraining too. [Diages, Orwin et al. Jan 2000] Protein A Protein An is portrayed as a cell divider related monomeric protein. [Gomez, Lee et al. 2004]. It has job in causing pneumonia by focusing on polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell movement in the aviation route sections. Protein A ties to the Fc locale of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and causes opsonization. [Greenwood, Slack et al. 2007]. It likewise phosphorylates mitogen actuated protein kinases (MAPKs) as professional fiery flagging. IL-8 is made and emitted out from epithelial cells. What's more, protein An additionally mirrors TNF-ÃŽ ± (tumor putrefaction factor ÃŽ ±) that will tie to TNFR1, which is circulated at aviation routes (tumor corruption factor receptor 1). This will select TRADD (TNFR1 related passing space protein) and TRAF2 (TNF receptor related factor 2). Both will be actuated, protein An and TRAF2 with RIP1 will coimmunoprecipitate in the aviation routes [Gomez, Lee et al. 2004]. Moreover, protein A hinders phagocytic engulfment. In a similar paper, Gomez additionally expressed that if Staphylococcus aureusis ailing in protein An or TNFR1, bacterial destructiveness will be lower and collection of PMN in the lung will be decline too. It is innocuous to initiate PMN all things considered to ensure the lung, in any case, when there is an expansion in protein An authoritative to PMN, PMN is actuated and upgrading the fiery middle people to be discharged in the aviation routes. In this way, an expansion in protein A will create a more prominent incendiary reaction and along these lines pneumonia creates. Staphylokinase (SAK) Staphylokinase is a protein that produces by Staphylococcus aureus. When staphylokinase is discharged from Staphylococcus aureus and focused to neutrophils, ÃŽ ±-defensins is created and followed by balance of short peptides by Staphylococcus aureus. This outcomes in hindrance of bactericidal impacts of defensins by the enactment of plasminogen and staphylokinase increments bacterial disease process. [Bergmann and Hammerschmidt 2007] Plasminogen is firmly controlled and it is a piece of fibrinolysis instrument which coagulates fibrin when a vein is harmed. Staphylococcus aureus changes plasminogen to fibrin with the assistance of fibrin as co-factor. Staphylokinase is encoded by the Sak quality and directed by the agr quality. Its structure has a focal ÃŽ ±-helix and 5 ÃŽ ² sheet strands. [Bokarewa, Jin et al. 2006]. Once neutophils is bound to the focal ÃŽ ±-helix, it instigates conformational changes. Subsequently, plasminogen is changed over to plasmin. Fibrin clusters is then sep arated by plasmin and kept the disease restricted. Staphylokinase-plasminogen edifices additionally help Staphylococcus aureus to enter the host tissues. Besides, Maria expressed that if 2 staphylokinase structure a dimer because of the focal ÃŽ ±-helical, it will decrease antigenicity. A few restricting destinations to neutrophils can be found in staphylokinase. This will instigated in discharging of ÃŽ ±-defensins and influence the bactericidal properties as peptides are being killed. Staphylococcus aureusis then impervious to phagocytosis by neutrophils. [Bokarewa, Jin et al. 2006]. Staphylokinase diseases are generally found in sepsis, immunocompromised and older patients as they are progressively inclined to Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-infection agents are the typical treatment of these diseases. Harmfulness Factors in Staphylococcus aureusare the primary parts that causing hazardous infections. It is for the most part the middle people discharged by the safe framework gives the side effects for the illnesses. On the off chance that there are any changes in these harmfulness factors, it will be less destructive to the microscopic organisms and the side effects of infection will diminish as these destructiveness variables won't target neutrophils, macrophages and other insusceptible framework segments. Along these lines, aggravation middle people are not discharged in an incredible sum on the double.

Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres

Cerebrum is the most unpredictable structure at any point developed in Universe with the end goal that it contains a great many neurons that demonstration and respond in interconnected manners prompting the rise of thought, cognizance, sentiments, feelings and inventive reasoning, all subsumed under the confounding term mind. The cerebrum is a multilayered structure that is collapsed into numerous folds, the outside of which is known as the dark issue and the inward regions profound inside the cortex is known as the white issue (the shading is a direct result of the greasy substance).The cerebral cortex is the zone of acquainted elements of the mind that is isolated into numerous gaps, for example, parallel crevice and focal gap. The four flaps framed dependent on these crevices are the frontal projections, parietal projections, worldly flaps and occipital flaps. The cerebral side of the equator is partitioned into equal parts: the left half of the globe and the correct sides of the equator with deviated functions.Corpous callousum is the structure that joints the two halves of the globe so the mind capacities as indicated by the Lashley guideline of mass activity, that is, it is the integrative elements of the two sides of the equator that bring about the planned actuates of people, that is conduct. Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres Lateralization of cerebrum work implies that every side of the equator, that is the privilege or the left, has practical experience in specific capacities with the goal that the dormancy of a side of the equator bring about the harm to that work or that work thoroughly vanishes from the conduct repertoire.Left side of the equator or right half of the globe dominances are liable for the controlling of those separate capacities. Lateraisation of capacities might be contemplated utilizing various strategies like the old strategy for embeddings a cathode in the mind and the advanced techniques for imaging, examini ng and intravenous infusions. The Wada Test acquaints a sedative with one half of the globe of the mind, that is intravenous infusion, following which, that is after anesthetized, neuropsychological tests are led to decide the impact of hemispheric loss of motion or inactivity.Less intrusive strategies, for example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computerized Axial Tomography, SQUID and Poisson Emission Tomography are utilized to contemplate predominance. Mind work lateralization is additionally decided in the marvels of right or left handedness and of right or left ear inclination (Lateralization of cerebrum capacities, 2009). Anyway it is to be expressed that inclinations are not generally an away from of hemispheric specialization. Ninety five percent of the privilege gave individuals have left side of the equator predominance for language and just eighteen point eight percent of left gave individuals have right side of the equator strength for language functions.Sodium amytal tests show that 95 percent of right gave individuals are represented considerable authority in left half of the globe for language capacities (Milner, 1974). Left side of the equator is particular for language capacities (Corina, et al, 1992). Left side of the equator strokes that prompts right sided loss of motion (the left half of the mind controls the correct side of the body and right half of the side of the equator controls the left half of the body known as ipsilateral control) bring about genuine language issues .The left side of the equator fleeting projection district known as the Wernicke’s region is associated with the comprehension of communicated in and composed language. The language district in the lower frontal flap is known as Broca’s territory, the zone associated with discourse creation The harm to the Broca’s region prompts the moderate and rare discourse consequently the familiarity is hindered. The left mind does all the capacities identified wi th investigation, consistent, numerical reasoning, cause-impact relations and logical reasoning. In metaphorical language, the left cerebrum is supposed to be, the Western mind while the correct cerebrum is the Eastern brain.The consecutive nature of handling of data completed by the left half of the globe is appeared differently in relation to the worldwide preparing of right side of the equator (Springer and Deutsch, 1989). Right side of the equator has some expertise in â€Å"soft† capacities described as valuation for music, workmanship, creation of unwinding, quietness, harmony, spatial relations, acknowledgment and memory examples of incitement (Morgan, etal. 1993) and the examples are visual, material or spatial. Harm to these territories forestalls these capacities with the goal that the individual may neglect to perceive the substance of others, neglect to acknowledge music and neglect to relax.People rehearsing intercession is said to show changes in the electrical movement of the cerebrum which implies that electrical waves called alpha command in their lives. Huge changes in the electrical movement of individuals rehearsing intercession and not rehearsing intervention are situated in contemplates. Passionate articulation is another capacity that overwhelms the correct side of the equator (Zaidel, 1994). To put it plainly, distinguishing proof of faces, outward appearances of feelings, line inclines or dab areas happen all the more immediately when these are ‘shown’ to the correct side of the equator. The particular capacities are clarified in Table 1.Split Brain Studies Different utilitarian specialization of the sides of the equator are seen in the investigations of split mind patients, who are described by the cutting off of corpus callousum so that there is no anatomical association between the two parts and the two halves of the globe demonstration freely. Roger S. Sperry has directed numerous examinations with split cerebru m patients whose mind worked autonomously without moving message between the two parts. With split mind patients visual info can be confined to one side or right side of the equator as a result of the anatomical associations between the eyes and the brain.From the privilege visual field, improvements go to one side half of the globe and the contribution from the left visual field goes to the correct side of the equator. Along these lines the visual picture of the word ‘ring’ arrives at the left half of the globe, while the word ‘key’ arrives at the correct side of the equator in a type of test. It is discovered that split mind patients report the word ‘ring’ and they don't report the word ‘key’ sent to the correct half of the globe, inferring that there is no association between the two parts of the cerebrum. Besides the left side of the equator spends significant time in the language work. What's more, it is additionally discovere d that the patients can perceive the word â€Å"key† by non-verbal language.

Structure in Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Antigone essays S

Structure in Sophocles' Antigoneâ â â â â â â â â   â Aristotle in his Poetics (chap. 7) says: ?[L]et us presently talk about the best possible structure of the plot, since this is the first and most significant thing in catastrophe? (1033). M. H. Abrams says that ?practically all abstract scholars since Aristotle have accentuated the significance of structure, imagined in differing ways, in examining a work of writing? (300). The matter of the structure of Sophocles? Antigone is a subject of changing understanding among artistic pundits, as this paper will uncover. Gilbert Murray, educator at Oxford University in England, refers to structure as one reason why he picked Sophocles to decipher. At that point he explains on this structure: ?But Sophocles worked by obscuring his auxiliary diagrams similarly as he obscures the parts of the bargains. In him the customary divisions are completely made less unmistakable, all worked over the heading of more prominent instinctive nature. . . .This was an extremely incredible increase. . . .? (107). Murray here alludes to Sophocles? change of the great structure for lamentable show. This is unmistakable from what Aristotle above alludes to as the ?structure of the plot.? The exemplary structure for dramatization incorporates: Prologue ? everything up to the chorale; Parodos ? the ensemble? sings; First Episode ? improvement of plot by principle character(s); First Stasimon ? the chorale once more; Repetition of Episodes and Stasimons until the peak is close; Exodos ? the peak, emergency, and fiasco. As Mur ray notes, Sophocles doesn't hold fast to the old style structure as unbendingly as different producers of the period. Aristotle?s ?structure of the plot? is what most artistic pundits mean when they allude to the ?structure? of Antigone. In Chapter 18 of the Poetics Aristotle states: ?Ever... ...s Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.  Murray, Gilbert. ?A Great Translator?s Reflections on Oedipus the King.? In Readings on Sophocles, altered by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.  Segal, Charles Paul. ?Sophocles? Recognition of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.? In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, altered by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.  Sophocles. Antigone. Deciphered by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html  ?Sophocles? In Literature of the Western World, altered by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.  Woodard, Thomas. Presentation. In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, altered by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.

Essay Format Samples - Tips For Achieving Achievable Results

Essay Format Samples - Tips For Achieving Achievable ResultsYou may have read about essay format samples before. If you haven't, you should start by reading some of the essays you find on the internet and from books. These will give you a good introduction to the style and format used in essays.However, these sample essays are not only useful for a specific writer but also for those who wish to try their hand at writing an essay for publication. This is because there are some parts of an essay that the reader will have to copy from the author's prose.By reading sample essays, you can get an idea of how the essay format will be laid out. The structure will be the same, but the steps that lead to the conclusion will be different. Reading the sample essay will allow you to see what a few of the key elements of the essay format will look like.One of the things that you should look out for in a sample essay is the way the author describes the reader. This part of the essay format is very important because it shows how the author intends to connect with the reader. It is one of the most important parts of the essay because it tells you what you have to do in order to connect with the reader. Most students spend so much time preparing for exams or speaking that they are surprised when they see the essay format in the exam paper.One of the best things about reading sample essays is that they give you a taste of the type of essay you will write if you do a written test. As long as you are aware of the style and format, you can put that into practice. The more you understand the style and format of a given essay, the easier it will be to write it properly.If you have read an essay that has sample format, you can apply the structure in your own writing. At the very least, you will get a good understanding of the topic and will be able to create a better essay. If you are successful, you will be able to produce high quality essay that the reader will enjoy reading.In the e nd, if you don't understand the essay format that you need to write, you can take a look at sample essays. After that, you can be sure that you will know how to write an essay if you decide to do so.

Essay The Bystander Effect - 2567 Words

Introduction Today a lot of individuals are praised for their bravery and their heroism. A lot of these people risk their lives to save or help others when those are in need. These people can range from firefighters who risked their lives to save innocent people from the 9/11 attack to an ordinary person who helps an old lady to carry her groceries to her house. Even though there are a number of instances when people help others who are in need, such as mentioned above, there are also a number of instances when those same people avoid helping and getting involved, such as; ignoring an old lady who slipped and fell down in the middle of the road, avoiding helping an old man to pick up his change that fell out of his pocket,†¦show more content†¦While the fight developed more and more students gathered in a circle while cheering it on. In a span of five minutes approximately fifty students were watching the fight, until they heard a police siren, which caused them to disappear within seconds. The second event took place near my apartment building. As two teenagers ages 15-17 were walking home from school, when approached by another teen - â€Å"stranger† - approximately the same age as them. As the time passed, it was very evident that some sort of conflict escalated between the â€Å"stranger† and one of the two â€Å"school† teens. That conflict eventually led into a fight between the two of them while the â€Å"school† teen’s friend tried to break it up. Eventually he was able to break up the fight leaving both students with bloody noses and ragged clothes. From the two events mentioned above it’s very evident that they are more or less similar, yet at the same time there are a lot of major differences. The major similarity in those two events is that they both possess some sort of conflict between two teenagers that eventually leads into a fight. The major difference between the two events is that in the first one, approximately fifty more people have witnessed the fight, as compared to the second one when only one person was present. The other major difference between the two events is that no person was willing to interfere withShow MoreRelatedBystander Effect And Crises : Bystander Effects1625 Words   |  7 Pages Anthony R. Hudgens March 24, 2016 Case Study #4 Bystander Effect and Crises Bystander Effect and Crises A woman by the name of Kitty Genovese was stalked and stabbed to death in an alleyway of Queens, New York, in 1964 (Pugh Henry). It is reported that there were nearly 40 witnesses who heard her screams for help but failed to do so (Colangelo, 2014). Why is it that some individuals tend to shy away from bad situations in which help is clearly needed? 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(Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets ofRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pages Bystander or Bodyguard: An Examination of Who Helps and Who Does Not A bystander, according to Michael Webster’s New World College Dictionary, is an individual who is present in a given situation, but is not involved (Agnes, 2001). The word bystander does not always have a negative connotation, but in the case of bullying or an emergency situation, it does. In either scenario, a bystander is not helping in a time of crisis and this can have many negative outcomes. Many factors play a role in remainingRead MoreEssay on Bystander Effect1079 Words   |  5 PagesBystander effect, (Darley Latane, 1970) refers to decrease in helping response when there are bystanders around relative to no bystanders. 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It has been indited about in many Psychology Textbooks. In addition, there has been many situations that have been associated with this theory. Nevertheless, there was one story that commenced it all. This acclaimed story went viral and what some would call, legendary. This story resulted in a woman denominated as Kitty Genovese being assailed and murdered by Winston Moseley. The reason this situation became so popular

Ncfe Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Dementia Care.

Lee Clark. NCFE level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Dementia Care. Unit 1. Q1. Explain what is meant by the term dementia Dementia is a broad term used to describe the symptoms that occur when the brain is affected by specific diseases and conditions.Dementia is a progressive disease and the symptoms will get gradually worse. | Q2. Describe how dementia can affect a person if the following areas of the brain are damaged by dementia. Area of Brain | How damage to this area might affect a person with dementia | Frontal lobe | * Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements * Loss of spontaneity in interacting with others * Loss of flexibility in thinking * Persistence of a single thought * Inability to†¦show more content†¦The person may become confused when handling money and undergo personality changes, appearing to no longer care about those around them. Swings are common and the person may become tearful for no apparent reason, or become convinced that someone is trying to harm them.In advanced cases people may also adopt unsettling behaviour like getting up in the middle of the night or wander off and become lost. Some people lose their inhibitions and sense of what is acceptable behaviour, undress in public or make inappropriate sexual advances. The person may become incontinent, have difficulty eating and drinking and may become completely dependent on others.2. Symptoms usually develop suddenly and progress in a step like way where a sudden worsening is followed by a period of stabilisation. Common symptoms include poor concentration and difficulties with communication. memory loss may also lead to confusion.As vascular dementia does not affect all of the brain, the individual may be able to retain more of their abilities and memory loss may not appear until later in the progression of the disease. This means that the individual may be more aware of their deteriorating health and may therefore be more at risk of depression.3. Dementia with Lewy Bodies is a

Safety and Regulatory Requirements free essay sample

What is Title Vll? Title VII, the federal law that prohibits most workplace harassment and discrimination, covers all private employers, state and local governments, and educational institutions with 15 or more employees. In addition to prohibiting discrimination against workers because of race, color, national origin, religion, and sex, those protections have been extended to include barring against discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, sex stereotyping, and sexual harassment of employees. Currently, Title VII doesn’t include discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. However federal legislation adding sexual orientation as a protected class against discrimination (the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)), has been proposed in recent years. Many states have employment discrimination and harassment laws as well and may include even more protected classes – such as marital status and sexual orientation – than Title VII covers. Human resource process requires that HR managers hire employees, provide compensation and Benefits to employees, engage in performance management and evaluation of employees as well as firing and hiring employees, provide employee health safety and prevent employee discrimination and sexual harassment among others(Walsh, 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety and Regulatory Requirements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page P. 299). All HR managers need to be fully aware of these and other of their duties to avoid falling into legal trouble when it comes to dealing with their employees. Safely When it comes to employees’ safety, employers must ensure that all the privacy rights of each of the members of staff are well adhered to and so are the rules for hiring workers whether old or young. The HR manager must also ensure that the workplace is safe with none of the employees being under threats, risk of illness or injury or harassments. With this move, the organization will have protected the people who form the most valuable asset in it (Willmaker, 2011). Currently, workplace safety is standardized and promoted by two important workplace regulations which are the workers’ compensation laws at state level and OSHA or Occupational Safety and Health act of 1970 in the federal level. The compensation of workers deals with wages and medical payment for employees exposed and suffering from injury or illness while in the workplace. OSHA on the other hand specifies the standards for the quality of work environment. The failure to abide to OSHA laws does not only affect the life of employees and organization risk high losses but also invites either civil suits or criminal action on the organization as well civil suits. In the US, human organization’s human resource departments must operate and function under many legal and safety laws as well as regulations requirements. This must be the case in order to avoid law suits against such organizations. The main provides of these laws and regulatory requirements include the department of homeland security, US equal employment opportunity commission, the American with disabilities Act of 1990 and the US labor department among other human resource requirement laws. The main reasons for the provision of these laws is to prevent any manager from senselessly and without any cause, firing or mistreating or denying employment to employees or prospect employees respectively because of who they are. A HR department has considerable responsibilities with respect to HR law. Regulatory The individuals within the human resource department must be well versed in all the laws and regulations as set by the United States as they are expected to abide by these laws and rules. Once the potential employee has signed an employment contract, a new relationship is formed between employer and employee. â€Å"Both employers and employees have rights and obligations to each other when they enter into a contract. An employment contract spells out explicitly the terms of the employment relationship for both employee and employer (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, amp; Cardy, 2010, p. 41)†. As stated both parties that come into agreement and enter a contract have equal rights and responsibilities. The U. S. Department of Labor has legal rules set in place to†¦ References References Lilius, J. , et all, (2003). Compassion at work. Retrieved on 3 Oct 2011 from www. compassionlab. com/docs/whatgoodiscompassion. pdf. Walsh, J. , (2009). Human resource and employment law. Cengage learnin g. USA. Print. Willmaker, (2011). Human resources. Retrieved from http://www. nolo. com/legal-encyclopedia/human-resources/

Lost Military Id Essay Example

Lost Military Id Essay The importance of keeping positive control of my military i. d and how it Hinders the army’s OPSEC I won’t sit here and say losing my i. d card was completely out of my reach but things happen I’m only human. But I can assure you that it won’t happen again. But Losing a Military Identification Card has a lot of downsides. There is no good in losing a Military Identification Card regardless of the situations. Accountability in the military is extremely important. Accountability of government property is very important to avoid wasteful spending. It is also important because with items like ID cards it also controls access to sensitive areas. Lack of accountability shows a lack of responsibility. Accountability is very important and crucial for success in the army. But when you join the military they utilize a specific kinds of identification cards. These cards are for any people that are in or related to the armed forces, whether it is marines ,navy ,and in my case the army. They are also issued out to family members and their dependants, and civilian Department of Defense workers. Military I d cac cards are required components of military uniforms in a day to day life of a soldier. In the Army regulation 670-1 it requires that soldiers must at all times carry a military-issued identification card, whether in acu’s or in civilian clothes. Your Military ID card is required to travel on and off military installations such as , access commissaries, Post Exchanges and dinning Facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Military Id specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Military Id specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Military Id specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Your military id also serves as an indication of a service members rank and branch of service . On their military id card along with the rank and branch of service, is the persons ETS date, their full name, date of birth. It is essential that is always maintained on person and kept well track off, because if lost you are hindering the army’s opsec and can potentially be a high security matter of identity theft fraud. And they can literally have access to any base in the world. They could also have access to secret details on the internet literally almost anything they can get their hands on. They are also used as common access cards that are used to gain access to military computers. According to the Geneva Convention, all military service members are granted different types of treatment as prisoners of war. Military ID cards are issued with each service members Geneva Convention category; if a service member is taken as a prisoner of war, his category defines his standards of behavior and responsibilities to himself and other service members. Geneva Convention categories range from I to IV and are based on a service members rank. The military id is extremely and very important in day to day life as a soldier. Including the reasons I have already gone over, the military i. d is used to during any military flight. If the person didnt have their id card, and the unit was traveling for training or deployment or going to war, that person would not be able to travel. Not only facing further serious punishment for themselves, but effecting his entire unit. Losing a military ID has more downsides then just the punishment received by the individual for losing it.

Crime Scene Good and Bad Practices Essays

Crime Scene Good and Bad Practices Essays Crime Scene Good and Bad Practices Essay Crime Scene Good and Bad Practices Essay Module : Chemical / Physical Forensics Assignment : The Organisation and Management of a Crime Scene Student : Marc Seccombe 10696644 Part One Produce a report that describe for this crime scene, how you would, * Preserve and prevent contamination. * Search and record the crime scene including listing and storing the evidence. (1500 to 2000 words) Crime scene 27c Leek Road. The First Officer Attending (FOA) the scene will have carried out an initial assessment of the crime scene and following procedure will have called for assistance and dealt with ny emergencies and made a record of his assessment and actions , making note of the time his arrival time, were any points of entry open or closed, locked or unlocked, environmental factors and any witnesses and communicate his/her assessment to the designated Officer in Charge. (OIC) The FOA will initially be responsible for the preservation of the crime scene and will have created a cordon, possibly an outer and inner cordon, which a uni formed officer(s) should patrol and log personnel authorised to enter the crime scene area. Authorised personel nclude, the FOA , OIC, uniform police officers, Scenes of Crime Officers, Forensic Scientists, Pathologist, Police surgeon, Specialist photographer/videographer, Forensic Entomologists, Forensic anthropologists and bomb disposal experts and in the case of Arson, a fire investigation specialist. After handover from the FOA to the OIC, a Common Approach Path (CAP) can be laid down with the deployment of stepping plates from the cordon to the focal point of the crime scene. This should be laid in a manner that is unlikely to coincide with the perpetrator(s) or victims movements in or out of the scene. As the CAP is created, the course it takes should be photographed using wide and medium range shots and close up shots of the focal point before any potential evidence can be disturbed. As the CAP is created the course will be searched for physical evidence and evidence found should be photographed in situ before removal in accordance with standard procedure. All authorised personnel entering the crime scene should be attired appropriately in Personal Protective Equipment including face mask and overshoes to avoid contamination of the scene and potential evidence. It is of the utmost importance that the crime scene should be recorded fully by means of notes, sketch, photography and videography before being processed. These actions provide a permanent record of the crime scene in the way it was found and an aide memoire to the investigating officers, provide an account of the steps taken in the investigation and record delicate evidence before recovery in case it is destroyed in the recovery process. Photographs should give both a wide overview of the scene and close ups of any potential evidence or items of interest in situ. A sketch of the scene should be ontemporaneous and show a wider overview of the scene including dimensions, plotting the position of evidence found before removal and the locations from where and angle of photographs taken. Sketches can provide a useful overview providing a greater width and depth of field of view and show the important features without the distraction of unnecessary detail as within the photographic recor d (Jackson R, Jackson J 2011 ). Notes taken at the scene should include who reported the incident, time and date, location, nature of incident, the events that took place, the roles and locations of the eople concerned and any change that may have occurred to the scene between the event and the the arrival of the FOA. Accurate logs must be made of the identities of all people who have been at the scene and at what times they were there from the time of arrival of the FOA to the completion of processing the crime scene. Detailed accounts of the actions taken by the aforementioned personnel and the time line Of events of key times and dates should be noted. A log of all sketches and images taken at the scene , location and identity of the camera operator, direction of photographs the ime and date of photograph and any specialist equipment used; a record of all items recovered and removed from the scene and the identity of the person recovering it with the time and date with the exact location from where it was removed from. Also a thorough and complete description of the scene as it was found prior to the removal of items deemed to be of evidential worth. Having first processed the exterior for evidential clues such as point of entry or footprints or tool markings the Scene of Crime Officer can proceed to processing the inside ,in this ase a Zone search pattern should be deployed dividing the room into quadrants. Once each quadrant has been searched and evidence to be removed photographed, the evidence can be removed . (Pepper I, 2005) The principals of packaging evidence are to ensure appropriate storage of a piece of evidence and to ensure no contamination or loss occurs whilst collecting the sample or in storage and the continuity of the evidence from crime scene to lab to court. There are many different types of packaging available including polythene evidence bags with labels and tamper proof seals. Brown paper sacks are used for clothing or soil samples where use of polythene might cause the sample to decay . Boxes are used for sharp items such as glass or firearms , these boxes should be taped at the bottom and should contain a check strap to stop movement of a piece of evidence once placed inside. A variety of plastic tubes and containers are also utilised for collection of knives or tools . Digital items must be contained in antistatic bags. Very small items such as hair or paint chips can placed in folded paper envelopes then placed in polythene bags. Whatever packaging is used it must be sealed securely. When using polythene or paper sacks it is imperative that the open end be folded over twice ( Pepper I ,2005) to ensure that no particles can enter the bag or evidence fall out. It is best practice to take the container to the sample rather than the sample to the container. (Pepper ,I 2005) It is important to take control samples from the scene to distinguish between background and evidential samples and to compare against know samples. It is wise to double wrap items in a suitable second container. Jackson R Jackson J 2011) The packaging must be labeled with the name of the scene of crime officer who took the Sample, date it was recovered and the location and an identifier. Completion of CJA (Criminal Justice Act 1996) labels must be observed. (Pepper I, 2005) The CJA label is where the unique identifier mark will usually be the initials of the scene of crime officer who took the sample and a crime reference or job number. The l abel will also show all persons who have subsequently examined that piece of evidence in the chain of continuity of evidence. Evidence removed from a scene of crime must be stored in secure facilities with appropriate environmental controls to stop decay or breakdown and damage. Different samples have different storage requirements, example biological specimens will normally be kept refrigerated or frozen. A Crime Scene Investigation Report Form should always be completed at the time of examination. This should include a general overview of the scene ,the weather conditions at the time of examination, the type of person or property attacked, a description of the oint of entry, a description of how entry was gained , the objective of the crime , the time of the crime , how many people were involved, was a vehicle used, any modus operandi. This will assist in the preparation of a statement later by the scene of crimes officer. There are a number of databases available to list, track and manage evidence, one of the first was HOLMES (Home Office Major Enquiry System), FLINTS (Force Linked Intelligence Sytem),SO CRATES,GENIE,PRISM and The Locard integrated and automated evidence tracking System which allows users to input data directly from a crime scene . (Pepper I, 2005).

Bush Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bush - Article Example t this program successfully, Bush directed the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to set up the National Health Information Technology Coordinator (Thomson, 2014). In 2005, the HHS Secretary Mike Leavitt took initiative to establish American Health Information Community, a federally chartered commission, with intent to accomplish President Bush’s aim of having majority Americans using interoperable electronic health records within 10 years. Although this initiative started off strongly during the term of Bush, it has gradually fallen off for the recent years. As per Duane Morris report (2009), privacy and security concerns were the most potential barriers to the implementation of this initiative. Issues related to unauthorized access to records and privacy concerns prevented the implementation of technology. Some other security concerns include trespassing by an outsider, theft or loss of devices like laptop or mobile phone, or theft while transmitting information through a wireless network. In order to address the General Accounting Office’s concerns regarding information privacy, HHS initiated several projects including the commission that strategically determines the certification criteria for electronic medical records. According to GAO, it is essential â€Å"to establish the high degree of public confidence and trust needed to help ensure the success of a nationwide health information network† (Psych iatric news). In addition, unresolved debates over whether to employ an individual’s Social Security number hampered HIPAA implementation standards. Issues associated with general security practices also have weaken the scope of this policy. The higher costs related to this policy also became a barrier to the implementation of the proposed change. The concerned officials indicate that hardware and software maintenance throughout the organization involves higher costs. According to the Harvard researchers’ findings (cited in

PERSONAL BIOGRAPHY Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BIOGRAPHY - Personal Statement Example Indeed, my companions regularly irritated me amid my pre-adult years. I had numerous individuals who put resources into me, and I exceeded expectations at the greater part of my numerous and shifted diversions. I did well in school, frequently knowing how to do complex math issues before the idea had even been acquainted with our class. Thinking back, I am certain I was very egotistical, albeit I did not understand it at the time. Later in 2013, I rejoined with my parents in the United States where I joined tenth grade. In America, I started to feel burnt out on the weight put on me by my family and their elevated requirements. I systematically proceeded with my additional curricular exercises, including music and workmanship lessons, and alongside my studies. I graduated as the best student in my class, and I was satisfied because I made my parents to be proud. All my grades in the United States were amazing because I joined advanced classes. However, after three semesters, I chose to join school after I kept on exceeding expectations in training much the same as my nation of origin. I need to be a little fish in an enormous lake for a change. The wise quotes from Kiyoska (2014) give me power to move on, for the winner are always prepared for challenges. In College, I would like to proceed with the same soul of greatness to be an effective individual later

United States and New York Times Essay Example for Free

United States and New York Times Essay What is the article or editorial about (100-150 words)? A 14 year old girl, Malala Yousafzai was shot in head and neck by Taliban while she was in her school bus with fellow students. Malala Yousafzai, who raised her voice for the education rights and opposed Taliban for their actions against women education in her home town, was a symbol of pride for the region. Malala came into attention in 2009 when she was covered by many international media groups for her brave initiative fighting for women rights. She was awarded by many organizations including the government of Pakistan. Malala was taken to a hospital in Peshawar and doctors said that there is a chance that the bullet would have damaged her brain. Many people including the Prime minister of Pakistan Condemned the incident. What are your thoughts? For instance, how does it relate to what we have discussed in class (100-150 words)? I cannot imagine how ignorant one can be and what guts it takes for someone to attack a 14 years old girl who raised her opinion for education rights. Taliban who call themselves the protectors of Islam do not even know that attacking children and elderly is strictly prohibited in Islam and that Islam has given equal rights of education to women. These incidents create a negative image of a region all over the world. We discussed about the women rights in class and that it is not like this everywhere in Pakistan, in fact this action was opposed by everyone in the country. This action by the Taliban determines how coward they have portrayed themselves. It takes a lot  of courage for a girl to come out of nowhere and fight for the rights humanity. In my opinion her efforts created a lot of awareness among the people in the country and especially her region where the literacy rate is less than 50 percent.

Is Pornography Good? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Is Pornography Good?    Pornography is the theory, Rape is the fact. Robin Morgan, editor of the famous feminist magazine Ms., was quoted as saying this thought provoking statement. This really makes one stop and think. How closely related are pornography and rape, or any violent act for that matter? Many surveys and research studies have been done to answer just that. But the findings have been highly debatable. On one hand, you have people who feel that there is no correlation between the two, that pornography is used only for personal enjoyment, and it stops there. Then you have the feminist viewpoint which totally disagrees. Two well known feminists, Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin have their own view and definition on pornography.    à ¾....Pornography is the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women, whether in pictures or in words, that also includes one or more of the following: (i) Women are presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities; or (ii) women are presented as sexual objects who enjoy pain or mutilation; or (iii) women are presented as sexual objects who experience sexual pleasure in being raped; or (iv) women are presented as sexual objects tied up or cut up or mutilated or bruised or physically hurt; or (v) women are presented in postures of sexual submission, servility, or display; or (vi) womens body parts - including but not limited to vaginas, breasts, and buttocks- are exhibited ,such that women are reduced to those parts; or (vii) women are presented by whores by nature; or (viii) women are presented being penetrated by objects or animals; or (ix) women are presented in scenarios of degradation, injury, torture, shown as filthy or inferior, bleeding, bruised, or hurt in a context that ,makes these conditions sexual. à ¾    Pornography is further defined as including à ¾the use of men, children, and transsexuals in the place of women.à ¾ It is also said somewhat cryptically that à ¾the definition does not include all sexually explicit depictions of the subordination of women. Now that we have a greater understanding at the true meaning of pornography, we should look at the radical feminist view on the harm that pornography can cause. Once again the highly acclaimed feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon says:    à ¾If pornography is an act of male supremacy, its harm is the harm of male supremacy made difficult to see because of its pervasiveness, potency, and success in making the world a pornographic place.

Major Challenges Facing Human Resource Management Essay

The rapidly transforming business landscape means that there are currently many human resource management challenges which will continue to evolve for years to come. Tom Marsden, Director of Professional Services at Alexander Mann Solutions says that HR departments really need to be adding real business value to their organizations. â€Å"Although the restrictions of the recession aren’t over yet, companies are recognizing that in 2010, they will need to take steps to retain their workforce. This could be through an increased emphasis on training and engagement programs or by investing in areas that will optimize expenditure, such as integrated technology systems or improved candidate attraction schemes. The signs are that HR departments are preparing to maximize their resources and staff as organizations look to grow.† Today’s Top 10 Human Resource Management Challenges Due to the fluctuating economy as well as local and global advancements, there are many changes occurring rapidly that affect HR in a wide range of issues. In the Survey of Global HR Challenges: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers on behalf of the World Federation of Personnel Management Associations (WFPMA), several challenges for human resource management were revealed. This survey, which concluded that â€Å"despite national and regional differences, there was remarkable unanimity,† disclosed the following top 10 human resource management challenges: Challenges % of Companies 1. Change management 48% 2. Leadership development 35% 3. HR effectiveness measurement 27% 4. Organizational effectiveness 25% 5. Compensation 24% 6. Staffing: Recruitment and availability of skilled local labor 24% 7. Succession planning 20% 8. Learning and development 19%  9. Staffing: Retention 16% 10. Benefits costs: Health & welfare 13% Taking a Closer Look at the Top 3 Human Resource Management Challenges 1. Change Management Since this is generally not a focal point for HR professional training and development, change management represents a particular challenge for personnel management. The WFPMA finds that â€Å"This may also be the reason why it is cited as the foremost issue as HR continues to attempt to help businesses move forward. An intensified focus on training may be needed to develop added competencies to deal with change management.† 2. Leadership Development As the second of the biggest challenges for human resource management, leadership development needs to be a critical strategic initiative. HR professionals are faced with being expected to provide the essential structures, processes, tools, and points of view to make the best selection and develop the future leaders of the organization. The WFPMA reports that, â€Å"Across the globe leadership development has been identified as a critical strategic initiative in ensuring that the right employees are retained, that the culture of the organization supports performance from within to gain market position, and that managers are equipped to take on leadership roles of the future so that the organization is viable in the long term.† 3. HR Effectiveness Measurement How can improvement happen without the right tools to measure HR effectiveness? As with many other areas of business, this profession also needs to be able to measure results in terms of transaction management, as well as in terms of the positive influence on business. â€Å"Utilizing metrics to determine effectiveness is the beginning of a shift from perceiving HR’s role as purely an administrative function to viewing the HR team as a true strategic partner within the organization,† the WFPMA says. â€Å"In fact, the next section reports that survey participants believe a critical future issue for HR will be organizational effectiveness – again supporting HR’s critical role as a strategic partner to management.† Read more:  Business Issue on Human Resource Management This world federation also notes that, â€Å"Where HR departments have traditionally focused on measuring their own effectiveness, there is an evolving recognition that they can provide organizational value by measuring the effectiveness of the entire business organization. The shift is significant as it represents movement from simply counting the numbers hired to determining the ROI of collective and individual hires on a long-term basis. Going beyond measuring turnover, this new approach considers ‘bad’ turnover and ‘good’ turnover along with the overall cost of replacement hires.† The Numbers Speak Volumes When you start looking at the numbers, you realize the significant impact of trends and challenges in human resource management. There are many variables that influence human resource management. To give you a glimpse at some of the upcoming changes, the HR Leadership Council has released the following statistics: One in four high potentials plans to leave their organization in the next year. By effectively developing employees, managers can be better coaches and improve performance by up to 25%. Three out of five organizations have either restructured or plan to restructure within the next six months. Recent declines in employee engagement further decreased overall productivity by 3 to 5%. Leaders with strong people development skills are 50% more likely to outperform revenue expectations. Delivering on critical onboarding activities boosts new hire performance by 11.3%. 77% of midsized companies use (or plan to use) wellness to reduce costs. 46% of midsized-company CFOs anticipate a merger or acquisition in less than six months. Expand Your Skills and Enhance Your Expertise To meet or exceed all of these human resource management challenges, you’ll need proven tools and strategies. The best way to gain the necessary expertise is by earning your Master of Science in Human Resource Development entirely online from U.S. News & World Report-ranked Villanova University. In Villanova’s online HR master’s degree program, you’ll learn how to: Implement strategic organizational change for increased quality, productivity and employee satisfaction Construct an effective training program Design a compensation system that motivates employees Structure benefit packages and measure their success Identify principles for developing, utilizing and conserving human resources Use data and statistics to make informed business decisions Leverage technology to enhance the contributions of the human resource function to an organization Develop financial management and budgetary skills

Determination of Mans Role in Latin America Essay

Determination of Man’s Role in Latin America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How society describes what is meant by a man’s role is an important definition in every culture. What is right or wrong for men to do in terms of behavior depends on each community, and on people’s own perceptions. Latin American culture has a strict set of values on sexual issues, reflecting a man’s role in society. For all of the communities in Latin America there exists a relation between a man’s role and machismo. The exaggerated sense of manliness that machismo stands for is evident by parents when raising their male children, and by communities and their expectations. Machismo represents a culture of traditions indeed, but how does machismo define the role of†¦show more content†¦This idea of masculinity is not only recognized by men, but also by women. Moving from one partner to another when men are married is common in the culture. The necessity of different partners as a part of sexual conquest is important in the ir masculinity. An evident attribute for machismo is heterosexuality. â€Å"Masculine identity is associated with the fact of possessing, taking, penetrating, dominating, and asserting oneself, if necessary, by force† (Badinter 97). Consequently, the feminine identity is connected with its opposite to balance a sexual equation. The inequity between male and female causes the normality of women being dominated by men in Latin communities. The Hispanic culture highlights the abuse of women by men. In many cases the machismo is transmitted into domestic violence not only to the wife, but their children as well. Violence imposed by machos is an excuse for the necessity of controlling, demanding respect, and hiding vulnerability. Also, machismo is directly linked to the authoritarian parenting style. The authoritarian parenting style is conceived as a demanding father who doesn’t give any explanation to their children. The macho is an authoritarian parent who demands respect from the whole family. The machismo constitutes an explanation for subordination. In addition, the exaggerated male behavior that machismo represents â€Å"is assumed to stem from inadequateShow MoreRelatedThe Liberator By Alberto Arvelo896 Words   |  4 Pagesliberation of Latin America during the 1800s as well as the various obstacles Simà ³n Bolà ­var had overcome in order to free his country. The Liberator was an impactful film that truly demonstrated the hardships and inferiority of indigenous life due to Spain s reign of dominance which drastically damaged the overall tone and development of many Latin Americans. 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